![]() The presence of external effects that minimize environmental exposure are also an important issue in terms of sustainability. Therefore, it becomes important to ascertain the reasonable implications of it on the generations to come. Now as almost all the activities are being carried out in eco-friendly manner thereby promoting sustainability. In this paper, stress has been laid on externalities (both positive and negative) and its implications for sustainability. The ability to think about new problems and to choose under uncertain and unfamiliar conditions helps us to survive and reproduce. These results provide scientific information that can be used for better valorization of the anthelmintic potential of the studied plants and to initiate the process of the identification of new anthelmintic molecules.Įvolutionary biology has the capability to make choices in a fast-changing environment as a key adaptation. charantia, Vitex doniana, and Caesalpinia bonduc was studied on H. charantia was highly cytotoxic at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. Methanol (MeOH) extracts were, in general, more effective than the hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), and aqueous (H2O) ones in inhibiting larval migration, with the MeOH extracts of Terminalia leiocarpa, Adansonia digitata, and Momordica charantia being the most effective. ![]() All plants gave active extracts at the highest concentration tested (1200 µg/mL). The results show that the plants contained tannins, flavonoids, and triterpenoids which may, in part, justify their anthelmintic activities. The cytotoxicity of the 40 extracts was determined on WI38 noncancerous fibroblast cells using the MTT assay, and the total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and condensed tannin content (CTC) were quantified in the most effective extracts using colorimetric methods. The phytochemical screening of the plants was performed, and the anthelmintic activity of the extracts was evaluated on 元 larvae of Haemonchus contortus. A total of 40 extracts were prepared using the successive maceration of 10 plants in four solvents of increasing polarity. The objective of this study was to screen the anthelmintic activity of the main plants used in the treatment of the digestive parasitosis of small ruminants in Benin. In addition, digestive parasitosis remain a major constraint for small ruminant livestock. Medicinal plants continue to be used alone or in combination with veterinary drugs to treat animal ailments, especially in developing countries where livestock farmers often lack access to modern veterinary services and drugs. Current challenges and prospects from the study are further presented. This review uniquely approaches the study of biometabolite recovery through insights from the chemistry of water under different extraction techniques for the very first time. This advantage is based on the fast extraction rate and selectivity of the tuned solvent when compared to the traditional approach. The additional advantage of using tuned water over organic solvents is in the preservation of the bio-activities and forestalling the possibility of contamination of the bio-matrices during extractions with an organic solvent. The percentage yield of tuned hydro-solvents achieved close to 90% recovery of active metabolites. An intensified modern hydro-extraction process was identified for tuning water properties with an appreciable yield similar to organic solvents within 10-15 min. The conventional maceration approach takes a longer duration (1-72 h) for product recovery while percolation, distillation, and Soxhlet extractions take about 1 to 6 h. ![]() As a result, proactive consideration of procedures and evidence for tuning water properties for better recovery and positive influence on the green synthesis of products become pivotal. ![]() The environmental impact and denaturing propensity of organic solvents in the extraction of plant bioactives pose great challenges in extraction systems.
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